人口向大城市集中是世界城市发展的普遍规律，这使得城市有限的物理空间正在不断膨胀。
现如今，日本城市化率为92%，巴西为85%，韩国为84%，墨西哥为79%。据国际货币基金组织预测，到2035年中国城市化率将达到70-75%。这意味着未来不到20年的时间，中国将有2.5亿人从农村进入城市。此外，还有另一种行为同时发生，有30%-50%中小城市人口向大城市迁移，这部分人口可能高达1.5亿人左右。
基础设施建设似乎总赶不上人们对通行效率的需求，拥挤的交通状况已经成为城市规划与发展中必须要面对和解决的问题。
试想一下，交通网络如果从二维空间到三位空间变得立体起来，拥堵状况是否会缓解许多？这似乎是一个解决方案。
未来，我们所生活的城市上空，可能会形成一个无形的交通网络，提供空中立的体交通、物流服务。迎接我们的，将是一个飞行的时代。
节目组走访了空客公司和牧羽航空，我们试图探寻交通网络未来的三维图景。
直升机出行，像打车一样简单
在拥堵的墨西哥和圣保罗，人们开车从市中心前往机场通常往往短则需要一个小时，长则需要两个小时甚至三个小时。时间不可控主要是由于交通拥堵带来的，这让人们的出行充满着很大不确定性。
但是当人们用直升机替代开车，只需要10到20分钟即可抵达机场，价格比较合理，相当于出租车的8到10倍。
2017年，空客集团在硅谷设立的创新公司A3在巴西圣保罗和墨西哥城开通了直升机即时预订服务Voom的公测。
以魏茨纳经常搭乘的航线为例，从墨西哥城城西因特洛马斯商业区至城东贝尼托·华雷斯国际机场，路程近30公里。如果选择走公路，高峰时段最快也要一个多小时车程，而搭乘“空中出租车”仅需12分钟便可抵达。
现在，空客中国创新中心正在努力将这样的应用场景复制到中国来。他们现在正在做的城市空中交通项目，目标在于解决大城市交通拥堵问题。这仅是一个开始，未来还需要几年时间才能慢慢实现。
到时候，我们只要掏出手机打开App，就能像预约出租车一样预约到直升机。目前，空客中国创新中心已经和深圳市签署了合作协议，这样一来，一键呼叫直升机的出行服务将很有可能在那里率先实现，他们为此设下的预期时间是在今年内。
空客的目标是实现空中交通，现在目标飞行距离为50公里到100公里。电池的改进和无人机的广泛使用催生了技术突破，这种“飞行出租车”可像直升机一样垂直起飞、着陆，占用更少空间，因为它们由电池供电，所以也会更加环保。
除了电驱动，自动驾驶也是他们正在考虑的使用场景，这将在一定程度上降低飞行成本和增加座位使用率。
在地面交通中，自动驾驶是当下的热门话题，空中交通领域也是如此。空客中国创新中心的罗岗认为，空中自动驾驶的难度比地面全场景的自动驾驶更低一些，原因在于，地面场景有很多意外情况发生，而在空中则完全不同。
空客目前考虑的使用场景主要围绕一些固定线路进行，比如从市中心到机场，或者从大城市到周边的靠城市，就像从深圳到东莞。
更加灵活的飞行汽车
空中交通将为城市交通注入新的活力，飞行时代即将到来。
灵活将是未来空中交通的主题。看起来，直升飞机似乎还是不够灵活，比如它需要专业的驾驶人员，起降也需要更大的适宜空间。也许，小型化的自动驾驶设备才是未来的发展趋势。
在未来，个人航空器也许会走进每一个家庭，就像今天拥有一辆汽车一样普遍。这样充满科幻色彩的飞行器已经离我们越来越近。
牧羽航空是一家专注于有人驾驶和无人驾驶轻型飞机、飞行汽车、直升机等航空器及航空新型动力系统的研发、制造、销售的企业，也是中国最早进入轻型运动飞机研发与制造领域的企业之一。创立者王勇的梦想，就是制造出个人拥有的飞行器。
“飞行汽车”的最大特点是在“汽车”和“飞机”两种交通工具中任意转换，它带有折叠式机翼，当收起机翼时，它可以轻松停进一般的停车位或车库。一旦开进机场，打开机翼，就变身成一架飞机。
在2014到2016年间，王勇团队研发了ABC(aircraft+boat+car)海陆空三栖飞行汽车。
作为飞机来说，它的最大起飞重量是700KG，最大速度达到350公里/小时，航程可达1500公里；作为汽车来说，它的速度能有120公里/小时，可行驶600公里。在停降陆地的时候，飞机机翼自动折叠，宽度2.7米，长度5.7米，在一般的公路上行驶没有多大问题；作为家用游艇、快艇来说，它的速度可达100公里/小时，甲板面积能够达到6平方米。
飞行汽车可以让人们掌控自己的出行时间表，能够更快的到达目的地，同时享受飞行的乐趣。
从设计方式来看，牧羽航空所设计的飞行汽车，是一种菱形结构的汽车车轮布局，这在早年的汽车设计中也曾经被应用过。
这种设计的主要目的是兼顾其在空中飞行和在地面行驶时对重心的不同要求——路面行驶时，重心要落在前后轮中间或左右；空中飞行时，主轮要承担约90%的飞机重量，才能比较好的解决问题，当它作为飞机起降的时候，它的后轮会收缩起来。
空域管理尚未开放，是通用航空市场发展缓慢的主要原因之一。不过这种情况正在发生改变。
近年中国通用航空领域政策不断开放，这将推动飞行时代的到来。
四川省首先制定了低空协同管理空域建议方案，把孤立空域用低空通道联成通航飞行网络。如果四川的做法可以铺开到全国，那么中国就有机会建立起3000米以下的通航网络，通用航空的活力将被最大程度被释放。
目前，四川、青海已经成为推进的试点，提前一个小时进行报备，通常都会得到飞行批准。
除了空域管理，机场是另一个待解决的问题。到今年，有380多个通航机场通过验收，明年将这一数字提高至500个。现在江苏规划建的是45座通航机场，浙江规划的是57座通航机场，青海规划的是200座，江西规划的是40-50座，基本达到每个县一个。
另外，国家体委在2017年3月出台的政策显示，计划在全国建设2000座飞行营地。飞行营地可以让用户乘坐两座以下的小飞机，或者热气球。
未来，灵活性将是航空运输业的主题。随着科学技术的发展，越来越多的飞行器投入市场，人们的出行将会有更多不同的选择。未来，也许是一个飞行的时代。
English version
The concentration of population to large cities is a universal law of urban development in the world, which makes the limited physical space of the city continue to expand.
Today, Japan's urbanization rate is 92%, Brazil's 85%, South Korea's 84%, and Mexico's 79%. According to the International Monetary Fund, China's urbanization rate will reach 70-75% by 2035. This means that in the next 20 years, China will have 250 million people entering the city from rural areas. In addition, there is another behavior that occurs simultaneously. 30%-50% of the population of small and medium-sized cities migrate to large cities, and this part of the population may be as high as 150 million people.
Infrastructure construction seems to be unable to catch up with people's demand for traffic efficiency. Congested traffic conditions have become a problem that must be faced and solved in urban planning and development.
Imagine if the traffic network becomes stereoscopic from the two-dimensional space to the three-digit space, will the congestion situation be alleviated? This seems to be a solution.
In the future, over the city we live in, we may form an invisible transportation network that provides air transportation and logistics services. Meeting us will be an era of flight.
The program team visited Airbus and Muyu Airlines, and we tried to explore the three-dimensional picture of the future of the transportation network.
Helicopter travel, as simple as a taxi
In congested Mexico and São Paulo, it is often an hour to drive from the city centre to the airport, and two hours or even three hours. Uncontrollable time is mainly due to traffic congestion, which makes people's travels full of great uncertainty.
But when people use a helicopter instead of driving, it takes only 10 to 20 minutes to get to the airport. The price is reasonable, which is equivalent to 8 to 10 times that of a taxi.
In 2017, Airbus Group's innovative company A3, established in Silicon Valley, opened a beta test of the helicopter's instant booking service Voom in Sao Paulo and Mexico City, Brazil.
Take the route that Weizner often takes as an example, from the West Interlakes business district in Mexico City to the Benito Juarez International Airport in the city, which is nearly 30 kilometers away. If you choose to take the road, the peak time will be more than an hour's drive, and the "air taxi" can be reached in 12 minutes.
Now, the Airbus China Innovation Center is working hard to copy such application scenarios to China. The urban air traffic project they are currently working on is aimed at solving traffic congestion problems in big cities. This is only the beginning, and it will take a few years to realize it in the future.
At that time, as long as we take out the mobile phone and open the app, we can make an appointment to the helicopter like a taxi. At present, the Airbus China Innovation Center has signed a cooperation agreement with Shenzhen City. As a result, the one-button helicopter service will be the first to be implemented there. The expected time for this is set within this year.
Airbus's goal is to achieve air traffic, and now the target flight distance is 50 to 100 kilometers. Improvements in batteries and widespread use of drones have led to technological breakthroughs. These "flight taxis" can take off and land vertically like a helicopter, taking up less space because they are battery powered and therefore more environmentally friendly.
In addition to electric drives, autonomous driving is also a usage scenario they are considering, which will reduce flight costs and increase seat usage to some extent.
In ground transportation, autonomous driving is a hot topic in the moment, as is the air traffic field. Luo Gang of the Airbus China Innovation Center believes that the automatic driving in the air is less difficult than the automatic driving of the entire scene. The reason is that there are many unexpected situations in the ground scene, but completely different in the air.
The usage scenarios currently considered by Airbus are mainly around fixed lines, such as from the city center to the airport, or from the big cities to the surrounding cities, just like from Shenzhen to Dongguan.
More flexible flying car
Air traffic will inject new vitality into urban traffic, and the era of flight is coming.
Flexibility will be the theme of future air traffic. It seems that the helicopter seems to be not flexible enough, for example, it requires professional drivers, and it takes more space to take off and land. Perhaps miniaturized autopilot equipment is the future trend.
In the future, personal aircraft may enter every family, just as it is today to own a car. Such a sci-fi-filled aircraft is getting closer and closer to us.
Shefa Aviation is a company specializing in the R&D, manufacturing and sales of manned and unmanned light aircraft, flying vehicles, helicopters and other new aircraft and aviation power systems. It is also the first company in China to enter the research and development and manufacturing of light sport aircraft. One. The dream of founder Wang Yong is to create a personally owned aircraft.
The biggest feature of the "flying car" is that it can be arbitrarily converted between "car" and "aircraft". It has a folding wing. When the wing is folded, it can easily stop in the general parking space or garage. . Once inside the airport, open the wing and transform into an airplane.
From 2014 to 2016, Wang Yong team developed the ABC (aircraft+boat+car) sea, land and air amphibious flying car.
As a plane, its maximum takeoff weight is 700KG, the maximum speed is 350 km / h, the range can reach 1500 km; as a car, its speed can be 120 km / h, can travel 600 km. When the land is stopped, the wing of the aircraft is automatically folded, with a width of 2.7 meters and a length of 5.7 meters. There is no major problem on the general road; as a domestic yacht or speedboat, its speed can reach 100 km/h. The area can reach 6 square meters.
Flying cars allow people to control their travel schedules, get to their destinations faster, and enjoy flying.
From the design point of view, the flying car designed by Shepherd Aviation is a diamond-shaped car wheel layout, which has also been applied in the early years of car design.
The main purpose of this design is to take into account the different requirements for the center of gravity when flying in the air and on the ground. When driving on the road, the center of gravity should fall in the middle or left and right of the front and rear wheels. When flying in the air, the main wheel should bear about 90%. The weight of the aircraft can solve the problem better. When it takes off and land as a plane, its rear wheel will contract.
Airspace management has not yet opened, which is one of the main reasons for the slow development of the general aviation market. However, this situation is changing.
In recent years, China's general aviation policy has been continuously open, which will promote the arrival of the flying era.
Sichuan Province first formulated a low-altitude cooperative management airspace proposal scheme, and connected isolated airspace into a navigation flight network using low-altitude channels. If Sichuan's practices can be spread across the country, then China has the opportunity to establish a navigation network of less than 3,000 meters, and the vitality of general aviation will be released to the maximum extent.
At present, Sichuan and Qinghai have become pilots for advancement. Reporting one hour in advance will usually be approved by flight.
In addition to airspace management, the airport is another issue to be resolved. By this year, more than 380 airports have passed the acceptance test, and this number will be increased to 500 next year. At present, Jiangsu plans to build 45 navigation airports, Zhejiang plans to have 57 navigation airports, Qinghai plans 200, and Jiangxi plans 40-50, basically reaching one county.
In addition, the policy issued by the National Sports Commission in March 2017 shows that it plans to build 2,000 flight camps across the country. The flight camp allows users to take two smaller planes or hot air balloons.
In the future, flexibility will be the theme of the air transport industry. With the development of science and technology, more and more aircraft are put on the market, and people will have more different choices when they travel. The future may be an era of flight.
（图/文编译：飞行汽车 www.flycar.com.cn）
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